Which statement best describes the formal operations stage of Piaget's cognitive developmental theory?

The formal operations stage, which typically begins around the age of 12 and continues into adulthood, is characterized by the ability to think abstractly and reason logically. In this stage, individuals can solve hypothetical and abstract problems, think about possibilities, and use deductive reasoning. This transformative stage allows adolescents to develop more sophisticated thinking patterns, enabling them to engage in systematic planning and execute complex problem-solving tasks.

While the understanding of conservation and logical thinking about concrete events are important aspects of earlier stages in Piaget’s theory (specifically, the concrete operational stage), they do not encapsulate the essence of the formal operations stage. Similarly, the ability to perform operations mentally rather than physically signifies cognitive advancements, but it is not exclusive to the formal operations stage. The defining feature of this advanced stage is indeed the capacity for abstract thought, making the ability to think abstractly the optimal description of this developmental phase.